Manual of Legal Citation/Explanatory Parentheticals

Manual of Legal Citation Table of Contents

Foreword and Introduction

Foreword

Introduction

Background Rules

Rule 1. Two Types of Legal Documents

Rule 2. Typeface Standards

Rule 3. In-Text Citations

Rule 4. Signals

Rule 5. Capitalization Rules

Rule 6. Signals for Supporting Authority

Rule 7. Signals for Comparison

Rule 8. Signals for Contradictory Authority

Rule 9. Signals for Background Material

Rule 10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority

Cases

Rule 11. Full citation

Rule 12. Court & Year

Rule 13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical

Rule 14. History of the Case

Rule 15. Short Form Citation for Cases

Statutes, Rules, Regulations, and Other Legislative & Administrative Materials

Rule 16. Federal Statutes

Rule 17. State Statutes

Rule 18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts

Rule 19. Administrative Rules and Regulations

Rule 20. Federal Taxation Materials

Rule 21. Legislative Materials

Rule 22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials

Rule 23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions

Court & Litigation Documents

Rule 24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case

Rule 25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case

Rule 26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents

Rule 27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda

Books & Non-Periodicals

Rule 28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals

Rule 29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals

Journals, Magazines, & Newspaper Articles

Rule 30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles

Rule 31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles

Internet Sources

Rule 32. General Principles for Internet Sources

Rule 33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources

Rule 34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources

Explanatory Parentheticals

Rule 35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals

Rule 36. Order of parentheticals

Quotations

Rule 37. General Principles for Quotations

Rule 38. Alterations of Quotations

Rule 39. Omissions in Quotations

Rule 40. Special Rules for Block Quotations

Tables

Table 1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials

Table 2. Federal Administrative and Legislative Materials

Table 3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions

Table 4. Required Abbreviations for Services

Table 5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents

Table 6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources

Table 7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters

Table 8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations

Table 9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names

Table 10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials

Table 11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations

Table 12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms

Table 13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions

Table 14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases

Table 15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions

Table 16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms

Table 17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names

Table 18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names

Table 19. Table of Citation Guides

Table 20. Tables of Correspondence

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Sometimes, it is helpful to include extra information to explain the relevance of certain citations. This information goes at the end of your citation but before any citation indicating subsequent history. Explanatory parentheticals may consist of present participles, direct quotations, or short statements.

R35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals

R35.1. Not quoting

If not quoting the authority, do not begin parenthetical with capital letter.

• Example: Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 109 F.3d 1394 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that publisher’s parody of O.J. Simpson murder trial was substantially similar to copyrighted work).

R35.2. Quoting

If quoting the authority, only begin parenthetical with capital letter and end with a period when the parenthetical quoted is or reads as a complete sentence.

• Example: See Ty, Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l Ltd., 292 F.3d 512, 520 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he shortage that creates the secondary market stampedes children into nagging their parents to buy them the latest Beanie Babies, lest they be humiliated by not possessing the Beanie Babies that their peers possess.”).

R36. Order of parentheticals

(date) [hereinafter <short name>] (en banc) (<Lastname, J.>, concurring) (plurality opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting <another source>) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing <another source>), http://www.example.com (explanatory parenthetical), prior or subsequent history.

When citing directly to Internet sources, the “hereinafter” parenthetical should come right after the URL or, if one exists, the “last visited” parenthetical.