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{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States|alias =First Amendment}}<font size="+3">First Amendment F ...Exercise Clause. The First Amendment also expressly protects the freedoms of speech, press, peaceable assembly, and petition to the Government.

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Fourteenth Amend.|alias =Section 1 Rights}}<font size="+3 ...f law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.}}

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Art. III/Sec. 2|alias =Clause 1 Cases or Controversies}}< ...nt States,--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Art. III|alias =Section 1 Vesting Clause}}<font size="+3" ...ngress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and sh

...ited States|alias =Fifth Amendment}}<font size="+3">Fifth Amendment Rights of Persons</font> ...h Amendment requires that the government pay "just compensation" to owners of private property that the government takes for public use.

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States|alias =Sixth Amendment}}<font size="+3">Sixth Amendment R ...he Sixth Amendment against state abridgment through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.<ref><span id="ALDF_00008790">Citation is made in

...ction_2:_Federal_jurisdiction|Article III, Section 2]] '''limits '''the jx of the federal courts to:'<nowiki/>''''' *Ø Cases of admiralty and maritime jdx,'

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States|alias =Introduction}}<font size="+3">Introduction</font> ...d: "[T]o the legislature no less than courts is committed the guardianship of deeply cherished constitutional rights."<ref><span id="ALDF_00002119">''[[M

{{:Manual of Legal Citation/TOC}} ...e to S. Ct. If that’s not possible, cite to L. Ed. If you can cite to none of the above, cite to U.S.L.W.

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Art. I/Sec. 8|alias =Clause 3 Commerce}}<font size="+3">A ==Overview of Commerce Clause==

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States|alias =Fourth Amendment}}<font size="+3">Fourth Amendment ...ed, and the evidence to be sought is specified in the warrant. The Supreme Court, however, has interpreted the Fourth Amendment to allow exceptions to the w

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States|alias =Eighth Amendment}}<font size="+3">Eighth Amendment ...d have been too vague to have been of any consequence, since [it] admit[s] of no clear and precise signification." James Iredell, Marcus, Answers to Mr.

== The Problem of “Dangerous Speech” == ...people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.”

...=Constitution of the United States/Art. III/Sec. 2|alias =Clause 2 Supreme Court Jurisdiction}}<font size="+3">Article III Judicial Branch</font> <font size="+1">Clause 2 Supreme Court Jurisdiction</font>

...rms of communication would mean a loss of some of the most effective means of communicating messages. ...ned that symbolism is a primitive but effective way of expression, the use of a flag to symbolize some system, idea, or institution is a shortcut form mi

...r color of state law, is covered ''infra'' [[Section 1983 Litigation/Color of State Law and State Action]]. ...state and local gun control legislation. ''See, e.g.,'' Kachalsky v. Cnty. of Westchester, 701 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2012).</ref> the Fourth Amendment protect

== Elements of the § 1983 Claim == ...of Ogden, 297 F.3d 995, 1000 (10th Cir. 2002) (referring to four elements of § 1983 claim) (citing 1 Martin Schwartz, Section 1983 Litigation: Claims a

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Art. II/Sec. 2|alias =Clause 1 Military, Administrative, ...rieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.}}

{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Constitution of the United States/Art. I/Sec. 8|alias =Clause 1 General Welfare}}<font size ...s, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform thr

== Fundamental Principles of § 1983 Municipal Liability == ...>State law cannot authorize respondeat superior under § 1983. Coon v. Town of Springfield, 404 F.3d 683, 687 (2d Cir. 2005) (“Just as states cannot ext